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The Rise of the Middle Class
During the period when ordinary people, especially the middle class, began to gain knowledge and influence, the nobles largely remained unchanged. They continued their...
Chivalry and the Restriction of Liberty
While the follies and cruelties of chivalry are often criticized, an even more serious problem was its effect on the freedom of ordinary people....
Chivalry and the Role of Women
Women have always held an important place in society, and their influence is widely acknowledged and celebrated. Their guidance, moral presence, and nurturing instincts...
Byzantinism Self-Perception and Worldview
Cyril Mango argues that Byzantinism was not only related to art or religion, but also to the general self-perception and worldview of Byzantine society....
Understanding the Term “Byzantinising” in Anatolian Icons
While studying the icons produced in Anatolia, I found the term “Byzantinising” both useful and accurate. This term helps describe artworks that continue the...
Painters on the Ionian Islands in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
From the end of the seventeenth century and throughout the eighteenth century, many painters were active on the Ionian Islands. These islands became important...
The Church of St John in Philadelphia
The church that has been named after St John in ancient Philadelphia (modern Alaşehir) was an important Byzantine building. It was rectangular in shape...
Ancient Philadelphia (Alaşehir)
Ancient Philadelphia, known today as Alaşehir, was founded by Attalos II Philadelphos, the king of Pergamum, who ruled between 159 and 138 BCE. The...
The Main Assembly Hall of the Synagogue
The main hall of the synagogue in Sardis was very large. It is believed that it could hold nearly one thousand people. This shows...
Art and Myth in Pergamum
One of the most famous artworks connected with ancient Pergamum is the Great Altar. Today, it is restored and displayed in the Pergamum Museum...
